Surah An-Nisa (4:34) is a crucial verse that has long been a subject of interpretation and debate among Islamic scholars. This verse outlines the dynamics of gender roles, authority, and family structure within an Islamic framework.
Men are in charge of women by [right of] what Allah has given one over the other and what they spend [for maintenance] from their wealth. So righteous women are devoutly obedient, guarding in [the husband’s] absence what Allah would have them guard. But those [wives] from whom you fear arrogance – [first] advise them; [then if they persist], forsake them in bed; and [finally], strike them. But if they obey you [once more], seek no means against them. Indeed, Allah is ever Exalted and Grand.
Men’s Responsibilities and the Attributes of Righteous Wives
The verse begins by stating that “men are in charge of women.” This phrase has been explained by many scholars as an indication of men’s responsibility for the well-being of their families. Scholars like Ibn ‘Abbas and others suggest that men are designated as caretakers and protectors because of their physical, financial, and leadership capabilities. Men’s role is emphasized due to their responsibility for providing financial support through dowries and daily maintenance for their wives and children.
The verse also highlights the qualities of a righteous wife, emphasizing that women who are obedient to their husbands, protect their chastity, and safeguard their husband’s property are considered virtuous. According to a hadith quoted by Ibn Kathir, the Prophet Muhammad said, “The best woman is the one who, when you look at her, pleases you, and when you command her, she obeys you.”
Addressing Rebellion and Disobedience
The verse goes on to outline steps a husband may take if his wife displays “rebellion” or disobedience. These steps are designed to ensure that family harmony is restored without escalating conflict. Scholars like Jalal ad-Din al-Mahalli and Ibn Kathir explain the process in stages:
Admonishment: The husband should first advise his wife and remind her of her duties toward Allah and the family.
Separation in Bed: If admonishment fails, the husband is instructed to withdraw from intimate relations, which serves as a non-verbal sign of disapproval.
Disciplinary Measures: If the issue persists, the verse permits “beating” in a non-violent, symbolic manner. Scholars across various tafsirs emphasize that this must be mild and not intended to cause harm. It is seen as a last resort and should not result in injury or humiliation.
Conclusion
The Qur’an, in verse 4:34, addresses the issue of marital discord by outlining a step-by-step approach for resolving serious conflicts. The verse allows a husband to first advise his wife, then avoid her in bed, and as a last resort, to “beat” her. This disciplinary action is permitted but described as a final step in addressing persistent issues. The use of physical discipline, according to the Qur’anic text, is outlined as part of a process to maintain harmony and resolve conflict within a marriage. Women are allowed to be beaten in Islam, and not only that, they must obey their husbands at all times, even if they are unwilling. Is this not a form of humiliation?
In conclusion, while Islamic scholars emphasize the historical context of Surah 4:34, it is important to remember that religion is not merely about historical contexts. Religion is based on immutable laws given by God. These divine laws are meant to transcend historical circumstances. A true understanding of religion involves recognizing that God’s guidance is meant to be timeless and universal, not confined to the context of a specific historical period.